Die Grundprinzipien der plastic

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^ a b PP&A stand for polyester, polyamide and acrylate polymers; all of which are used to make synthetic fibers. Care should Beryllium taken not to confuse it with polyphthalamide (PPA) ^ a b c 2r e

Companies that produce finished goods are known as converters (sometimes processors). The vast majority of plastics produced worldwide are thermosoftening and must be heated until molten rein order to be molded. Various sorts of extrusion equipment exist which can then form the plastic into almost any shape.

Microbial communities isolated from soil samples mixed with starch have been shown to Beryllium capable of degrading polypropylene.[92]

Plastics engineering – Engineering field studying polymer materialsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

Additives can also Beryllium problematic if waste is burned, especially when burning is uncontrolled or takes place rein low- technology incinerators, as is common rein many developing countries. Incomplete combustion can cause emissions of hazardous substances such as Pappe gases and ash which can contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins.[2]

It has been advocated since the early 1970s,[118] but due to economic and technical challenges, did not impact the management of plastic waste to any significant extent until the late 1980s. The plastics industry has been criticised for lobbying for Aufschwung of recycling programmes, even while research showed that most plastic could not be economically recycled.

However they are lautlos routinely found rein some plastic packaging including food packaging. The use of the additive bisphenol A (BPA) hinein plastic baby bottles is banned in many parts of the world, but is not restricted rein some low-income countries.[2]

Efforts to minimize environmental impact of plastics may include lowering of plastics production and use, waste- and recycling-policies, and the proactive development and deployment of alternatives to plastics such as for sustainable packaging.

For thermosetting materials the process is slightly different, as the plastics are liquid to begin with and but must Beryllium cured to give solid products, but much of the equipment is broadly similar.

Most plastics contain organic polymers.[10] The vast majority of these polymers are formed from chains of carbon atoms, with or without the attachment of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms. These chains comprise many repeating units formed from monomers. Each polymer chain consists of several thousand repeating units. The backbone is the parte of the chain that is on the main path, linking together a large number of repeat units.

A communication campaign infographic showing that there will be more plastic hinein the oceans than fish by 2050

Also much of the energy used rein plastic production is not sustainable energy, for example high here temperature from burning fossil gas. However plastics can limit some methane emissions, for example packaging to reduce food waste.[127]

A plastic handle from a kitchen utensil, deformed by heat and partially melted One important classification of plastics is the degree to which the chemical processes used to make them are reversible or not.

Organic light emitting diode – Diode that emits light from an organic compoundPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

The discovery of polyethylene terephthalate is credited to employees of the Calico Printers' Association hinein the UK in 1941; it welches licensed to DuPont for the US and ICI otherwise, and as one of the few plastics appropriate as a replacement for glass hinein many circumstances, resulting in widespread use for bottles in Europe.